S. Matthew Liao and Christian Barry argue that the patient-centered approach to deontology that I have developed—the restricting claims principle (RCP)—“is beset with problems.” They think that it cannot correctly handle cases in which a potential victim sits in the path of an agent...

Subjects in studies on humans are used as a means of conducting the research and achieving whatever good would justify putting them at risk. Accordingly, consent must normally be obtained before subjects are exposed to any sub- stantial risks to their welfare. Bystanders are also often put at...