This brief presents an overview of Ukraine's economy before and during the first ten months of the Russo-Ukraine war, as well as some preliminary considerations for the post-war economy. Although Ukraine's economic growth trailed many of its peers in the years leading up the invasion, the...

We examine Russian imports since a coalition of countries imposed sanctions on exports to Russia. As Russia no longer publishes detailed statistics on foreign trade, we rely on export data from its largest trading partners (mirror statistics). We are particularly interested in trade diversion,...

China's rise has been the economic success story of the past four decades but economic growth has been slowing and domestic imbalances have widened. This paper analyses the recent evolution of China's imbalances, the risks they pose to the economic outlook and the potential impact of a...

Sisällysluettelo: Abstract 5 1 Introduction 6 2 Currency board as an exchange rate arrangement 7 3 A short history of currency board arrangements 10 4 Currency boards in the Baltic countries 12 4.1 Monetary reforms in Estonia and Lithuania 12 4.1.1 Estonia 15 4.1.2 Lithuania 17 4.2 The...

This note looks at the correlation of short-term business cycles in the euro area and the EU accession countries.The issue is assessed with the help of vector autoregressive models.There are clear differences in the degree of correlation between accession countries.For Hungary and Slovenia, euro...

We assess the correlation of supply and demand shocks between the euro area, the EU accession countries and also the present EU countries.Shocks are recovered from estimated structural vector autoregressive models.We find that some advanced accession countries have quite high correlation with...

We use a dynamic heterogeneous panel model to estimate real equilibrium exchange rates for advanced transition countries.Our method is based on out-of-sample estimations from middle-income and high-income countries, and we use a pooled mean group estimator.We find that exchange rates have...

We assess the correlation of supply and demand shocks between current countries in the euro area and EU accession candidates from 1993/1995 to 2002.Supply and demand shocks are recovered from estimated structural VAR models of output growth and inflation. Notably, the economic slowdown between...

The transition economies were remarkably successful in curbing the inflation that took place after the initial transition and shocks and, more recently, most of the countries have brought inflation down to the levels found in major developed countries.In this paper we review the experiences and...