Carbon accounting and labeling for products are new instruments of supply chain management that may affect developing country export opportunities. Most instruments in use today are private business management tools, although the underlying science and methodologies may spread to issues subject...

Out-based aid (OBA) involves the use of explicit, performance-based subsidies to deliver public services such as water and sanitation. It is used to fund the gap between people's willingness or ability to pay for a service whose delivery is deemed worth subsidizing and the cost of providing that...