Many empirical questions can be cast as inference on a parameter selected through optimization. For example, researchers may be interested in the effectiveness of the best policy found in a randomized trial, or the best-performing investment strategy based on historical data. Such settings give...

We propose an easily implementable test of the validity of a set of theoretical restrictions on the relationship between economic variables, which do not necessarily identify the data generating process. The restrictions can be derived from any model of interactions, allowing censoring and...

A decision maker tests whether the gradient of the loss function evaluated at a judgmental decision is zero. If the test does not reject, the action is the judgmental decision. If the test rejects, the action sets the gradient equal to the boundary of the rejection region. This statistical...