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Public authorities spend large proportions of their GDP on goods and services and are therefore responsible for a significant share of embedded emissions. Given this large impact, governments have the responsibility of decarbonizing their purchases, as well as the potential to influence markets...
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The European Commission co-funds public projects through the European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF) to stimulate the sustainable economic development of EU Member States. The ESIF budget is about 90 billion euros annually and ESIF beneficiaries are explicitly encouraged to increase...
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innovation activities of their business customers. Individual banks' liquidity shocks are identified by the degree of interbank … total innovation expenditures in comparison to the periods before. Our results imply that those firms which have a business … relation to a bank with higher interbank market reliance reduce their innovation activities during the financial crisis to a …
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We analyze the impact of subsidies on R&D expenditures in the financial crisis and beyond. The financial crisis has led to considerable turmoil in financing and, as a result, to restrictions of firms' access to external financing. Utilizing this fact, we identify and analyze financing...
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