Environmental and energy independence concerns lead to government subsidies for electric vehicles (EVs). Operational decisions for a government are i) to incentivize EV ownership by a direct consumer subsidy, a station subsidy that reduces charging inconvenience, or by both subsidies; and ii) to...

Inventory inaccuracy is common at retailers. At many retailers, a cash register records incoming orders and outgoing sales, but not the demand or the shrinkage. The shrinkage refers to spoilage or pilferage of inventory. The demand differs from the sales in the periodic-review lost-sales...

We develop a general methodology for a partially observed stochastic control problem. The dynamics is governed by a discrete-time Markov process. We describe an application to an inventory system with possibility of shrinkage, and introduce unnormalized conditional probabilities to transform the...

Information delays exist when the most recent inventory information available to the Inventory Manager (IM) is dated. In other words, the IM observes only the inventory level that belongs to an earlier period. Such situations are not uncommon, and they arise when it takes a while to process the...

This paper revisits the model of the censored newsvendor presented by Ding, Puterman and Bisi (2002). We analyze that model in an infinite-horizon context by using the interesting concept of unnormalized probabilities. The unnormalized probabilities considerably simplify the dynamic programming...

This paper introduces recent developments in the analysis of inventory systems with partial observations. The states of these systems are typically conditional distributions, which evolve in infinite dimensional spaces over time. Our analysis involves introducing unnormalized probabilities to...

This paper considers the case of partially observed demand in the context of a multi-period inventory problem with lost sales. Demand in a period is observed if it is less than the inventory level in that period and the leftover inventory is carried over to the next period. Otherwise, only the...

This paper proposes a new methodology to solve partially observed inventory problems. Generally, these problems have infinitedimensional states that are conditional distribution of the inventory level. Our methodology involves linearizing the state transitions via unnormalized probabilities. It...

Under many circumstances, demand observations are often censored due to the lack of tracking lost sales caused by stockouts. To understand the impact of the lost sales information on the ordering decisions, a periodic-review inventory model is formulated in which only the sales information is...