This paper revisits how coexistence of money and bonds can make a society better off. For this purpose, a model is constructed in which payment instruments matter for settling real transactions and savings instruments matter because agents differ in how they discount future utility. Because...

It is becoming increasingly accepted that lowering interest rates might at some point prove contractionary (the “reversal interest rate”) if lower lending margins cut the supply of bank loans. This paper argues that there are many other reasons to question reliance on monetary policy to...

Portuguese abstract: ABSTRATO: Com o avanço de blockchain e smart contracts, bem como constantes anúncios de projetos de grande escala utilizando estas ferramentas, parece cada vez mais provável que diversos aspectos da sociedade e economia passem a adotar estas tecnologias e, sendo...

In analyzing the performance of the international monetary and financial system (IMFS), too much attention has been paid to the current account and far too little to the capital account. This is true of both formal analytical models and historical narratives. This approach may be reasonable when...

This essay argues that the Achilles heel of the international monetary and financial system is that it amplifies the "excess financial elasticity" of domestic policy regimes, ie it exacerbates their inability to prevent the build-up of financial imbalances, or outsize financial cycles, that lead...

This paper examines the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on daily stock returns of banks and financial institutions (BFI) in Vietnam. Employing the panel data regression models, this study examines the effect of daily COVID-19 positive cases to the stock returns – during pre-lockdown, lockdown, and...

We build models with an interest-bearing central bank digital currency (CBDC) to investigate the impacts of issuing CBDC on banking and the macroeconomy. When CBDC is the only asset, a higher interest rate on CBDC does not necessarily lead to financial disintermediation. It could promote bank...

In this short paper we outline the Newton-Raphson methods used for solving and minimizing complex equations that often have no analytical solution. We outline the formulae, their origins and give a simple example of their application