sector is highly segmented, with a relatively small core of modern high-productivity corporations, and myriad small, less … formal and low-productivity entities. This hampers efficient resource allocation and tends to entrench social inequalities … to be overcome to raise productivity in the informal, low-skill and low-productivity sector, and to facilitate resource …

) – presumably altered the land:labour ratio sufficiently to increase the marginal productivity of labour and thus its real wage … productivity of agricultural labour. But the evidence produced in this study demonstrates that the Black Death was followed, in …

show that, by weakening the competition between employers, a mean-preserving spread of the employers' productivity … of the rising productivity dispersion and the declining labor share in many countries …