I develop a general framework for markup and markdown estimation that allows for profit sharing along value chains without making assumptions on conduct between vertically related firms. I derive the conditions under which the markup and markdown estimates relate to the firms' equilibrium...

Abstract The Volunteer Protection Act (VPA) was enacted in 1997 to encourage volunteerism by protecting individuals from liability for their negligent actions while volunteering. Proponents intended to provide legal safeguards for volunteers, whom they claimed were deterred from volunteering by...

The number of nonprofit organizations (NPOs) has been growing worldwide in the last few decades. In Japan, the number of NPOs started skyrocketing in the late 1990s and now has reached almost 50,000, a significant increase from fewer than 10,000 in the early 2000s. Despite their increasing...

Leaders of organizations in the social sector are under growing pressure to demonstrate their impacts on pressing societal problems such as global poverty. We review the debates around performance and impact, drawing on three literatures: strategic philanthropy, nonprofit management, and...

The number of nonprofit organizations (NPOs) has been growing worldwide in the last few decades. In Japan, the number of NPOs started skyrocketing in the late 1990s and now has reached almost 50,000, a significant increase from fewer than 10,000 in the early 2000s. Despite their increasing...

Five distinguishing characteristics of non profit organizations are identified and explored. They are: a different and more complex environment, more altruistic purposes with strong traditions, importance of motivating and rewarding volunteers, staff structures that exist in parallel with...