Does relaxing strict school discipline improve student achievement, or lead to classroom disorder? We study a 2012 reform in New York City public middle schools that eliminated suspensions for non-violent, disorderly behavior. Math scores of students in more-affected schools rose by 0.05...

Does relaxing strict school discipline improve student achievement, or lead to classroom disorder? We study a 2012 reform in New York City public middle schools that eliminated suspensions for non-violent, disorderly behavior. Math scores of students in more-affected schools rose by 0.05...

Most universities in Germany are public firms but they have many properties of co-operatives. The most important thereof are described and analysed together with the characteristics of state-sponsorship. The real companions of the university as a co-operation are its professors. The same is true...

This paper studies the relationship between teacher unionization and student achievement. Generally stable patterns of teacher unionization since the 1970s have historically presented challenges in measuring the effects of unionization on educational production. However, the blossoming of the...

This study estimates teacher value-added (TVA) for language arts and mathematics test scores of students in public primary schools to investigate the empirical relationship between testscore TVA and observable traits and promotions of teachers. Our empirical strategy employs Chetty, Friedman,...

We show that the quality of police hires varies over the business cycle. Officers hired when the unemployment rate is high have fewer complaints, disciplines, and are less likely to be fired than officers hired when the unemployment rate is low. Effects are larger for younger workers who have...

Wettbewerb ist in vielen gesellschaftlichen Bereichen wie Wirtschaft, Politik und Sport, aber auch in Wissenschaft und Hochschule wichtig. Wettbewerb hat positive Wirkungen auf die Leistungen und Auswahl der Wettbewerbsteilnehmer gemäß den geltenden Wettbewerbskriterien. Deshalb kommt es auf...

Information about teachers’ effectiveness at the hiring stage is particularly scarce despite its importance for personnel decisions. Using the German setting of teacher training, I investigate the relationship of teachers’ pre-service cognitive and pedagogical skills as measured by two state...

This paper studies the relationship between teacher unionization and student achievement. Generally stable patterns of teacher unionization since the 1970s have historically presented challenges in measuring the effects of unionization on educational production. However, the blossoming of the...

Wettbewerb ist in vielen gesellschaftlichen Bereichen wie Wirtschaft, Politik und Sport, aber auch in Wissenschaft und Hochschule wichtig. Wettbewerb hat positive Wirkungen auf die Leistungen und Auswahl der Wettbewerbsteilnehmer gemäß den geltenden Wettbewerbskriterien. Deshalb kommt es auf...