Libor is arguably the world's most important number with more than USD 350 trillion of loans and financial contracts referencing this rate. Libor benchmark interest rates are being replaced with alternative reference rates (ARRs). There is no guarantee Libor rates will continue to be quoted...

In this paper we provide an outline of interest rate swaptions and how to price swaptions with different payoff or settlement types. Firstly we review the different settlement styles commonplace in financial markets. Secondly we review the swaption pricing formulae corresponding to each...

In this paper we outline the European interest rate swaption pricing formula from first principles using the Martingale Representation Theorem and the annuity measure. This leads to an expression that allows us to apply the generalized Black-Scholes result. We show that a swaption pricing...

In this paper we discuss the continued transition of financial markets towards trade standardization and the clearing of transactions, outlining the role of central clearing counterparties CCPs in reducing systemic and idiosyncratic risk. We contrast this with a discussion on bespoke non-cleared...

The Black-Scholes (1973) formula is well used for pricing vanilla European options. There are several different variations used by market practitioners dependent on the underlying asset being modelled. In this brief paper we present the generalized Black-Scholes representation, outline it's...

An option is a financial instrument that allows the holder to buy or sell an underlying security in the future at an agreed strike or price set today. European options are often priced under the assumption of constant interest rates as seen in the Black-Scholes (1973) model.In interest rate...

Every project is fundamentally made up of cash flows. An investor may rent a factory, buy raw materials, hire workers, manufacture a product or fund an advertising campaign, all with the purpose of selling a product or service to make a profit. Every part of the project or investment opportunity...

In this paper we review corporate and project finance techniques used to maximize investor returns and create superior growth strategies. We review the corporate finance concepts and tools used to evaluate investor returns and compare projects. Time value of money concepts can be used to...

DI1 futures are referenced against one-day interbank deposits (CDI) in the Brazilian onshore market. They have an underlying rate R computed as the average of 1D CDI rates compounded daily on a Bus/252 day count basis, where Bus/252 is equivalent to Act/252.Futures are short interest rate...

Exotic, bespoke and long-dated options require careful model selection, calibration and pricing. Local Volatility models struggle to fit the smile and skew observed in financial markets and smile tends to flatten for long-dated maturities. Stochastic Volatility (SV) models such as the Heston...