international patent applications in the US, Japan, the European Patent Office, and corresponding filings in three developing … undertake detailed analyses of patent prosecution in the three developing countries. Our analyses indicate that measures to … procedural aspects of patent systems, beyond the formal policies targeting secondary applications, that affect outcomes for these …

to provide latitude to the Member States to tailor their national patent laws to fit their individual needs. In 2001, the … the lead role in enacting the TRIPS Agreement's substantive and procedural patent flexibilities by introducing unique … compulsory licensing, the most notable exception to patent rights provided under the TRIPS Agreement. This empirical study is …

tuberculosis drugs, we show that there is an immediate and large increase in licensing by generic firms when a patent is included … in the Medicines Patent Pool (MPP). The effect is heterogeneous across countries. The findings are robust to …