This paper discusses the reasons for Brazil.s high policy real interest rates by considering two opposing views, the orthodox and heterodox approaches. While orthodox authors defend the position that bad domestic policies are the cause of the high interest rate, heterodox economists claim that...

Demand for cash is generally known to be influenced by several factors−including transaction motive used for payment, opportunity cost, precautionary motive (such as crisis period), and other motives (such as aging and demand from abroad). In recent years, cashless payment methods have...

Technology has changed and will continue to change the financial system. This paper proposes a set of tools that can give control entities a more profound insight into the markets and enable them to react to crises more efficiently. The theoretical proposal presented in this paper is a control...