Recent years have witnessed an ever-increasing resort to export restrictions in the markets for raw materials, causing heightened uncertainty about supply availability together with friction among trading partners. Poor transparency can amplify and compound the effects of restrictive trade...

The challenge of achieving net zero CO2 emissions will require a significant scaling up of production and international trade of several raw materials which are critical for transforming the global economy from one dominated by fossil fuels to one led by renewable energy technologies. This...

This paper reviews institutional and structural challenges in countries preparing for EU membership, i.e. Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo*, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey. Sound institutions and solid economic structures are not only the...

Wenige Monate vor der Präsidentschaftswahl in den USA hat Donald Trump gute Chancen auf eine Wiederwahl. Auf Seiten der Demokraten hat der amtierende Präsident seine Kandidatur nach langem Zögern zurückgezogen, Vizepräsidentin Kamala Harris wird mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit für die...

Wenige Monate vor der Präsidentschaftswahl in den USA hat Donald Trump gute Chancen auf eine Wiederwahl. Auf Seiten der Demokraten hat der amtierende Präsident seine Kandidatur nach langem Zögern zurückgezogen, Vizepräsidentin Kamala Harris wird mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit für die...

This paper presents an innovative database of domestic and bilateral online services trade between 39 countries, including the US, the EU and some emerging market economies. It combines monetized and "free" online services in a single measure based on the volume of page views on websites of...

Supply security is threatened by technical, business, natural and policy shocks, as well as geopolitical tensions. Is there a rationale for policy intervention? If yes, what are efficient and effective measures that achieve de-risking? This article first explains why private incentives do not...

This Discussion Paper identifies the rules on labor provided for in the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). Furthermore, the work compares the...

This Discussion Paper identifies the rules on environment protection provided for in the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). Furthermore, the...