As the coronavirus pandemic spread across the globe in early 2020, the European Central Bank as well as national … its own. To be effective, measures must be taken by Member States together. A joint crisis mechanism, such as the European …

The COVID-19 crisis is unique in many respects and, as the IMF (2021, p. 43) puts it: "a crisis like no other". A …, sectors and people were affected by the crisis is unusual in many respects. What is already visible is that national …

of the five countries to the 2008 crisis was countercyclical. On the fiscal side, countries had a larger fiscal space in … indicators and a reduction in financing needs in the years before the crisis. On the monetary side, the capacity to implement … countercyclical responses in future crisis episodes, the fiscal authorities should reverse expansionary measures during good times and …

changed during the recent pandemic crisis compared to previous crisis situations. Based on panel estimations the outcomes …

The People's Bank of China (PBoC) has taken numerous measures to cushion the impacts of the COVID-19 health crisis on … underlying unobserved component. We use the derived indicator to trace the response of the PBoC to the coronavirus pandemic. The … credit provision during the COVID-19 crisis. …

The recent financial and economic crisis has triggered bold and diverse policy responses to prevent further, sharper … potential change in the reaction functions during the recent crisis, estimates are done for the period prior and during the … crisis. More precisely, we have analyzed whether monetary and fiscal policies have been more focused on closing the output …