In our previous study [Zhu et al., Quantum game interpretation for a special case of Parrondo’s paradox, Physica A 390 (2011) 579], the capital-dependent Parrondo’s game where one game depends on the capital modulus M=4 was shown not to have a definite stationary probability distribution and...

English Abstract: The definition of “investment” is an important aspect of international investment treaties, and is often vital for ICSID tribunals when determining their jurisdiction. In practice, two approaches have emerged in the interpretation of “investment” by arbitration...

Chinese Abstract:...