Centralization of public procurement can lower prices for the government's direct purchase of goods and services. This … paper focuses on indirect savings. Public administrations that do not procure directly through a central procurement agency …

In the literature on Philippine public procurement, knowledge gaps exist in terms of coverage of period of reform … implementation and scope of reform application. This study helps close these gaps by analyzing Philippine public procurement history … up to the years of application of the 2016 implementing rules and regulations of the General Procurement Act (GPRA) and …

and rule-based auction procurement procedures. We show that adopting a two stage approach in which bureaucrats first …