This paper examines whether political connection heterogeneity plays a role in corporate innovation in a sample of all … innovation, while connections with local government officials inhibit innovation. The nonconformity between the influence of … differential innovation-promotion strategies. We use the Heckman two-stage estimation to address selection bias, and we adopt a …

can inhibit corporate innovation by intensifying agency conflicts, reducing corporate risk-taking and strengthening … ownership and less environmental uncertainty weaken the negative effect of non-actual controllers on corporate innovation. In … contrast, multiple large shareholders strengthen the inhibitory effect of non-actual controllers on corporate innovation, but …