Chaparral shrubland ecosystems are an iconic feature of the California landscape, and a highly biodiverse yet highly flammable backdrop to some of the fastest growing urban areas in the United States. Chaparral-type ecosystems are a common element of all of the world's Mediterranean-type climate...

Under climate change, the ability of water bodies to maintain ecology and human activities becomes more fragile, leading to water shortages. The change in the carrying capacity of the water environment further intensifies the management difficulties of the resource-environment-economic system....