We examine the usage of debt by small firms trading on the over-the-counter (OTC) market and filing annual reports with the SEC. Similar to firms included in the Survey of Small Business Finance, the small OTC firms in our sample are more dependent on debt financing than firms listed on the NYSE...

This study examines how short sellers affect the workplace safety of firm employees. Relying on a quasi-natural experiment instituted by Reg SHO, we find that short selling pressure causes an increase in employee injuries. This effect is more pronounced for firms with greater incentives to...

We find that, on average, workplace injuries in publicly-listed firms are lower than those in comparable private firms. This finding is robust to multiple tests designed to mitigate endogeneity concerns regarding a firm’s listing status. Further investigation suggests that the benefit of a...

Universal demand (UD) laws impose obstacles on shareholders who wish to file derivative lawsuits. In this paper, we examine the negative consequences of the staggered adoption of UD laws: threatening employee safety. Using the workplace safety data from OSHA, we find that firms experience a 27%...

We advance a multistakeholder framework that highlights the influence of stakeholders in tempering short-termist responses to capital market pressures. When firms face pressure from short sellers in the capital market, they sometimes shift attention to short-term stock performance and neglect...