In an effort to fight relatively high inflation, many developing countries try to manage their nominal exchange rates through official intervention. In addition, developing countries tend to have high transportation costs, tariffs, and nontariff barriers. These factors are among the sources of...

To account for currency substitution, most studies today include exchange rate as a determinant of the demand for money, in addition to income and interest rate. This tradition goes back to Robert Mundell who introduced this notion in 1963. In this paper, we demonstrate that the failure to find...

The impact of exchange rate volatility on trade flows still continues to be of great interest. More recent studies have looked that the issue at commodity level. In this paper, we consider the trade between Singapore and her major trading partner, the U.S. and investigate the effects of exchange...

Previous studies that investigated the impact of real depreciation of the rupee on Indian trade balance used aggregate trade data and provided mixed results. One recent study disaggregated the trade data between India and the rest of the world and used bilateral trade data between India and her...

The impact of budget deficits on private investment is an unsettled issue. If budget deficits are to be financed by borrowing, interest rates must rise so that capital markets can reach equilibrium. High interest rates, in turn, result in a decreased investment, hence the crowding-out effect. On...

As far as the impact of devaluation on domestic production is concerned, African countries have not received much attention in the literature. One study that used panel data arrived at a general conclusion that devaluations are contractionary in Africa. In this paper, we consider the experience...

Previous studies that were concerned with the impact of depreciation of the ringgit on the Malaysian trade balance employed data either between Malaysia and rest of the world or between Malaysia and each of her major trading partners. Specifically, the bilateral trade balance between Malaysia...