This study investigated how stock market volatility responded dynamically to unexpected changes during the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting uncertainty in Thailand. Using a multivariate GARCH-BEKK model, the conditional volatility dynamics, the interlinkages, and the conditional correlations...

This study examines the spillover and connectedness network among the United States and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)+6 stock market returns during times of uncertainty in the world economy, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the conflict between Russia and Ukraine. The...

This paper applies the multivariate GARCH models to investigate the role of Bitcoin as a hedge and safe haven for ASEAN+6 stock markets compared to gold. We used daily data for the dates 2 January 2017–20 January 2023, covering the recent COVID-19 pandemic. The empirical findings provide...