When affirmative action policies target more than one disadvantaged group, they contain uncertainty as to whether an … individual who belongs to one of these groups was actually favored. In a laboratory experiment, we study how this feature affects … identity that triggers affirmative action is made salient, affirmed individuals are wrongly perceived as less competent, both …

consequences? In a laboratory experiment, we study three different quota rules that favor individuals whose performance is low … coincide with a higher willingness to compete and less retaliation against winners. No policy harms overall efficiency or post-competition …

consequences? In a laboratory experiment, we study three different quota rules that favor individuals whose performance is low … coincide with a higher willingness to compete and less retaliation against winners. No policy harms overall efficiency or post-competition …

consequences? In a laboratory experiment, we study three different quota rules in tournaments that favor individuals whose … matter for the consequences of affirmative action. No policy harms overall productivity or post-competition teamwork, but …

oneself (self-competition), similar to what is found whencompeting against others (other-competition). In one laboratory and … and suggest that these factorscan account for the different findings. Finally, we document that self-competition does … noworse than other-competition in terms of performance boosting. …