, suggesting that a 1% increase in population growth is associated with an approximately 2% reduction in the growth rate of robot … specifications, and changes to the measurement of the stock of robots. …

2% reduction in the growth rate of robot density. Our results are robust to the inclusion of standard control variables … regressor, and changing the measurement of the stock of robots. …

, to more intensive use and development of robots. Using US data, we document that robots substitute for middle … older to middle-aged workers — is associated with greater adoption of robots and other automation technologies across … from country industry variation in the adoption of robots. Our model also implies that the productivity implications of …

higher robot intensity, driven by their endogenously higher wages and stock of complementary traditional capital. In addition …: improvements in the productivity of 'robots' drive divergence, as advanced countries differentially benefit from their initially … extended model where robots substitute only for unskilled labor, the terms of trade, and hence GDP, may decline permanently for …