This paper provides evidence on how having violence-exposed peers who migrated to nonviolent areas affects students …' educational trajectories in receiving schools. To recover our estimates, we exploit the variation in local violence across … trajectories. We find that peer exposure to violence in elementary school imposes persistent negative effects on students in …

This paper examines the impact of urban violence on the standardized test scores of public school students in Medellin … year fixed effects, allowing me to control for the endogeneity of violence. I find that each additional homicide per year … local violence is shown to induce higher levels of teacher turnover, although this may actually improve the average …