Background: Sustainable closed-loop supply chains have emerged as viable answers to supply chain problems. They can handle environmental damages (e.g., waste) and related social impacts. Closed-loop supply chains (CLSCs) are forward and reverse supply chain networks that have gained popularity...

Public service spending is an important issue with great economic, social and political ramifications. Consequently, correct measurements with respect to productivity evaluation of such expenditures is of paramount significance. Motivated by evaluating public services from a non-parametric...