Is it time to end the practice of double hatting in international adjudication? In this ESIL Reflection, we examine the practice of double hatting in the specific context of international investment arbitration. We ask three questions: how widespread is the practice; when is it a problem; and what...

Investment arbitration has long been dominated by a coterie of Western “grand old men.” Is it still? In this paper, we examine the inroads women have made, drawing on a new database of approximately 4000 individuals in investment arbitration. We exploit the variation in appointment...

The ability to ensure compliance with investor-state arbitral awards is often regarded as one of the strengths of the international investment regime. Yet there have been few systematic studies of compliance to assess the extent to which states have actually complied with adverse investor-state...