This paper provides first cross-country evidence on non-bank lending during crises. We show that non-banks contract their syndicated lending by over 50% more than banks during financial shocks in borrower countries. Establishing that non-banks serve riskier borrowers globally, we find that...

This paper shows that rising real estate prices reduce industry productivity, because they lead to a reallocation of capital and labor towards inefficient firms. I establish that the rise in real estate value during the US housing boom relaxes firms' financial constraints. Companies borrow...