US energy system development consistent with the Paris Agreement will depend in part on future fuel prices and technology costs, which are highly uncertain. Energy system optimization models (ESOMs) represent a critical tool to examine clean energy futures under different assumptions. While many...

This study proposes a new optimisation framework based on Monte Carlo embedded hybrid variant mean-variance mapping (MVMO-SH) optimisation​ for planning Photovoltaic Distributed Generation (PVDG) in the urban Radial Distribution Network (RDN). The Active Power Loss (APL) index was calculated...

Bottom-up optimization models neglect the inclusion of investment behavior We introduce three investor types that differ in their investment cost specifications, financing costs, and discounting. This leads to a substantially different pace and rate of adoption for specific generation...