We test whether venture capital (VC) or private equity (PE) backing at the time of a firm's IPO leads to different post-IPO acquisition strategies. Using a sample of 1,341 US IPOs between 2001 and 2017 and 1,845 subsequent acquisitions by these newly public firms, we find that PE-backed newly...

Do credit ratings help enforce market discipline on banks? Analyzing a uniquely comprehensive dataset consisting of 1,081 rating change announcements for 154 international financial institutions between January 2004 and December 2015, we find that rating downgrades for internal reasons, such as...