This study examines whether and how labor unionization influences stock price crash risk. Using a regression discontinuity design that employs union elections as an exogenous shock yielding local variation in unionization, we find that unionization leads to a significant decline in stock price...

This study examines whether real earnings smoothing influences equity and credit investors’ perceptions of risk. Using a large sample of U.S. public firms, we find that real earnings smoothing is negatively associated with option-implied volatility, suggesting that real earnings smoothing...