Although the domestic resources of shale oil are large, there has been some question regarding the magnitude of the energy subsidy that must be committed in order to extract the contained oil. This study shows that for a 50,000-bbl-per-day, modified in situ extraction facility in 20-gal-per-ton...

We show in this study that a full fuel-cycle analysis of the greenhouse gas (CO2) implications of biomass energy systems has not only to take into account the inputs and outputs of energy (and associated carbon content) but must recognize that many biomas systems have by-products that are...

In 2016 the UN defined 232 unique indicators to evaluate progress in pursuit of its Sustainable Development Goals. Indicator 9.4.1, CO 2, emissions per unit of value added (CO 2 /GDP), can provide a measure of the decoupling of greenhouse gas emissions and economic growth as represented by the...