The recent rapid expansion of renewable energy capacities in Germany has been dominated by decentralised wind, photovoltaic (PV) and bioenergy plants. The spatially disperse and partly unpredictable nature of these resources necessitates an increasing exploitation of integration measures such as...

Renewable energy technologies exhibit economies of scale as well as the portfolio effect when spatially aggregated. But local resistance often hinders developments, especially for onshore wind. In decentralized energy systems, the landscape impact of wind turbines or transmission lines is a key...