We apply textual analysis to the transcripts of a sample of nearly 78,000 earnings conference calls between 2004 and 2018, comparing the difference in sentiment between female and male senior managers (CEOs and CFOs). We focus on two main measures of sentiment: tone and vagueness. Our...

This paper is the first to provide a comprehensive analysis of how different gender balance initiatives in Europe have impacted firms' board structure. Our sample covers 18 countries over the period 2005-2018. We propose a novel indicator of the strictness of the country's gender balance...