The suitability requirements (SRs) regulated in the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) II have attained a new, additional role. Traditionally used to protect investors from abusive conduct perpetrated by advisers and portfolio managers, the SRs have now become a critical...

This article investigated the extent to which the information provided by Swiss-based robo advisers (RAs) on their websites has been conducive to retail investor protection. Text data from eleven RA websites were collected, categorized and analyzed. Findings identified various weaknesses. The...

This paper identifies key obstacles of law enforcement that may frustrate a policy that fights the facilitation of collusion. It outlines remedial actions against features that facilitate collusion and examines to what extent authorities - such as Directorate General (DG) for Competition,...

Recent law reforms in EU sustainable finance have produced countless new regulations and legal requirements. This article claims that these new sustainable finance rules are often complex rules that pose serious compliance problems. At the start of this article, features adding complexity to a...

Doubts remain in EU sustainable finance policy as to the role that the MiFID II suitability obligation will play in making sure that advisors and portfolio managers adequately service their client’s sustainability preferences. This article tackles this problem by examining the link between...