certain conditions, the optimal pollution tax is positive; otherwise, the tax reverts to a subsidy. Comparing mixed and …We study optimal pollution abatement under a mixed oligopoly game when firms engage in emissions-reducing R&D that is …

(agriculture). Our focus is mainly on the costs associated with congestion and pollution as well the impact of under-priced energy … indicative estimates of the external costs of energy subsidies, as manifested in congestion and pollution. Our estimates using …