with congestion and pollution, as well as the impact of underpriced energy for depletion of scarce water resources … external costs of energy subsidies, as manifested in congestion and pollution. The estimates using simulations indicate that …

factor prices and on environmental outcomes. We model an output subsidy, a capital subsidy, relief from environmental … regulation, and a direct cash subsidy. In exchange for receiving subsidies, firms must agree to a minimum level of labor … employment. Each type of subsidy and the employment constraint create both output effects and substitution effects on input …

recent years, the program has expanded rapidly and now constitutes the largest and most expensive agricultural subsidy …

to environmentally sensitive industries increases output and pollution emissions. We examine the environmental effects of … productive use, the economy wide marginal product of emissions falls with an increase in any subsidy, tending to decrease … pollution emissions if resources are moved to an industry for which emissions intensity is high enough to overcome the reduction …