This book presents an innovative analysis of the solidarity/social economy among low-income religious women in Iran …. As economic hardship in Iran increases, women in the community have mobilized to bring assistance to those struggling to … religious women form the backbone of Iran’s social safety net as the welfare state fails and social protection policies dwindle …

, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Turkey. While reviewing country-specific experiences and issues in …1. Introduction -- 2. Bahrain -- 3. Bangladesh -- 4. Egypt -- 5. Indonesia -- 6. Iran -- 7. Malaysia -- 8. Pakistan …

reform processes that took place in Morocco, Egypt and Iran primarily between 2010 and 2017, thus before the United States … once more tightened sanctions against Iran and before the COVID-19 pandemic broke out. We argue that governments applied …