—both sides of the culture wars have sought to claim the Jews as their own, and to paint those who disagree as distorting the true …

For centuries, Jews have been associated with financial services. We find that present-day households in German …

The demographic history of the Jews in the Middle Ages may be characterized by two main phenomena: i) a sharp drop in … the number of Jews until the beginning of the modern period, due mainly to conversions; and, ii) early urbanization. Until … (i.e., a decrease in the total number of Jews, and their concentration in urban areas), without having to rely either on …

the market economy as detrimental, they will be more hostile towards those seen as mainly responsible. If Jews are seen as … risk for exploitative behaviour, and the less hostile people will be towards groups seen as exploiters. If Jews are seen as …, for up to 106 countries, to the Economic Freedom of the World index and its five areas. Our empirical findings confirm the …