), competition law and access to affordable life-saving treatments and vaccines. Compulsory licensing of patented medicines is a … extreme urgency" within the meaning of Article 31(b) of the TRIPS Agreement. Some legislations, such as European competition … law, offer a toolbox for curbing the exercise of IPRs if they would be found in conflict with certain competition rules …

This paper analyzes patent pools and their effects on innovation incentives. It is shown that the pro …-competitive effects of patent pools for complementary patents naturally extend for dynamic innovation incentives. However, this simple … case, the licensing fees reflect the strength of patents. Patent pools of complementary patents can be used to discourage …