We examine the effect of social pressure on the outcomes of football matches by assessing those matches that did not have spectators as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. From the results of 768 matches with 43 unattended matches in Japan's top two divisions for the 2020 season, we find...

This study aims to estimate parameters of the youth labor force participation model and the responsiveness of the extensive margin of labor supply to wage. The formulation of our model includes a simultaneously on household income and labor force participation. The contribution of this study is...