This Selected Issues paper examines the pass-through dynamics from monetary policy interest rates to retail bank interest rates in Malta, in comparison with other euro area countries. In Malta, the pass-through to both deposit and lending rates has been relatively limited since the European...

The 2023 Article IV Consultation highlights that Malta has experienced an impressive recovery from the pandemic and demonstrated resilience to shocks resulting from Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The challenge for the medium term is to ensure a robust policy framework to foster strong, socially-...

This Selected Issues paper analyzes inflation in the Czech Republic. The paper analyzes using an adaptive learning structural model. A structural model incorporating adaptive learning features is well suited to project inflation path in the Czech Republic. In Czechia, inflation expectations are...

The 2023 Article IV Consultation with Czech Republic discusses that economic activity slowed down notably in 2023 but a rebound is expected in 2024, driven by a recovery in domestic demand. Growth is expected to pick up in 2024, led by consumption and fixed investment-as inflation fades and real...

This Selected Issues paper focuses on challenges and policies regarding climate change in the Republic of North Macedonia. A scale-up of private and public investments, along with decommission of old and polluting coal-based power plants, is needed to adapt to climate change and meet emissions...

This paper discusses Republic of North Macedonia's 2023 Article IV Consultation and First Review under the Precautionary and Liquidity Line (PLL). The authorities are progressing toward PLL objectives, encompassing the safeguarding of public finances, reduction of energy subsidies, addressing...

This Selected Issues paper focuses on the impact and policy support to households, evidence from micro-level data in Greece. The Greek government has provided substantial support to households and enterprises to cope with the high cost of living in 2022-2023. This paper leverages on the rich...

The 2023 Article IV Consultation highlights that Greece's economic outlook has improved notably. Growth-friendly fiscal consolidation can further strengthen public debt sustainability while supporting inclusive and green growth. Further tightening in the near term and maintaining a primary...

The 2023 Article IV Consultation discusses that the Albanian economy has shown remarkable resilience in the face of consecutive shocks. Returning inflation to target will likely require some further increases in the policy rate. The rising role of tourism has boosted confidence in the country's...

This paper presents Republic of Serbia's Second Review under the Stand-By Arrangement, and Request for Modification of Performance Criteria. Despite a challenging global environment, growth is recovering, and the labor market is resilient. The current account deficit has narrowed significantly,...