This Selected Issues paper analyzes France's fiscal stance using a structural stochastic model. The theoretical model … can help build buffers that could help France confront the next downturn from a stronger fiscal position. The analysis … highlights that, on average, fiscal policy in France exhibited a deficit bias over the past four decades, being unable to react …

, and government expenditure on education between the years of 1970 and 2012 for the case of France. Johansen co-integration … test results suggest the existence of the long-run equilibrium relationship between variables. Existence of the co-integration … of France. Granger causality test results suggest that there is a bidirectional long-run causality between GDP and gross …

This Selected Issues paper reviews developments in health care spending in France and discusses the recent measures to … past reforms, the new measures offer a reasonable hope of containing France’s health expenditures. The paper presents a …

This Selected Issues paper addresses the question of what policy changes in France are needed under European Monetary … stabilizers in France under EMU. The main conclusions is that over the past two and a half decades, fiscal policy operated in a … clear countercyclical way in France, but this reflected essentially the functioning of automatic stabilizers …

This Selected Issues paper analyzes developments and issues in banking and financial markets in France. The paper … sequencing of financial sector modernization. The analysis concludes that, on balance, France has successfully modernized its …