personal benefits. In theory, deterrence to participate in cartel activities must be based both on the incentives of firms as a …. In light of these estimates, the practicality of achieving a sufficient degree of deterrence through criminal sanctions … Becker's theory of crime, penalties must be at least as high as expected benefits to deter crimes. For example, we start by …

To encourage private actions for damages in antitrust cases some jurisdictions subtract a fraction of the redress from … settlement amount, yet at the price of reduced deterrence for those wrongdoers who are actually fined. Under a leniency program … fine reduction on deterrence is, therefore, negative. …

-reporting; repeat offenders; imperfect knowledge about the probability and magnitude of sanctions; corruption; incapacitation; costly …This chapter surveys the theory of the public enforcement of law—the use of governmental agents (regulators, inspectors …, tax auditors, police, prosecutors) to detect and to sanction violators of legal rules. The theoretical core of the …

of criminal cartel sanctions (namely, economic deterrence) and to evaluate some of the inherent, challenging problems … associated with such sanctions when used to achieve the aim of deterrence of anticompetitive behaviour in practice. In doing so … deterrence-based theoretical justification for criminal cartel sanctions, thereby providing essential context to the discussion …