According to the EU Directive 2003/98 public sector bodies can currently charge the cost of collection, production, reproduction and dissemination, together with a reasonable return on investment. If the upper limit for charging was lowered to the marginal costs of reproduction and dissemination...

Based on a description of the structure and competitive relationships that characterize PSI markets, and in the light of some case studies and legal decisions from several EU Member States, this document addresses what legal rules a new Directive, amending Directive 2003/98/CE on the re-use of...

To date, more and more decisions are supported or even directly assumed by algorithms. As a result, we need to understand how to prevent and govern those algorithmic choices that may prove to be wrong, unfair, or discriminatory. Algorithmic transparency, that is, the possibility to investigate...

Ordinary versioning – that is, firms' ability to supply several versions of the same goods at different prices – does not represent a novelty from either a practical or a theoretical standpoint. Firms have been engaging in customization from the ‘80s onwards. Economists have been...

Also in the digital age, markets work properly as long as consumers are well informed. What is peculiar of the digital age is that consumers have become very fragile, also because firms can extensively manipulate the information that they produce and distribute to markets. Antitrust authorities...

After a three-year investigation the German Competition Authority found Facebook's data policy abusive. In the authority's assessment, by making the use of its social-networking service conditional upon users granting extensive permission to collect and process their personal data, Facebook...

Due to advances in data processing, the use of digital technology is now widespread in many sectors of the world economy. It is possible that, in the near future, only a few markets will remain unaffected by this new industrial revolution. Therefore, even though this new stage in human progress...