education received by a community's elders on subsequent generations' language use. This is consistent with an endogenous demand …Why do we choose one language over another? Rival views see language frontiers as exogenous, driven by policy, or … endogenous, determined by social, cultural and economic forces. We study language loss in nineteenth-century Ireland's bilingual …

basic materials for local-language teaching. We conclude that bilingual education has lost momentum in Mozambique. …This ethnographic study explores the implementation of bilingual education in Mozambique: how it is understood, adapted …, and resisted by school directors, teachers, and local officials. Bilingual education uses local languages in early grades …

deliver basic education in local languages. It also gives lessons learned on: policy formulation around language of …Fifty percent of the world's out-of-school children live in communities where the language of schooling is rarely, if … ever, used at home. This paper discusses the benefits of use of first language instruction. The results of benefits from …