In this paper, we examine whether cultural biases exist in international syndicated loans. We find that the more positive the perception of trustworthiness that the lender’s country has for the borrower’s country, then the lower the spreads the lender will charge the borrower. We use four...

In this study, we investigate the effects of bank safety-oriented culture on loan contracts. We propose a new measure that derives a bank’s safety-oriented culture from its business model. We provide several validation tests to confirm that our measure can represent the safety-oriented culture...

In this study, we examine the effects of lead independent directors (LIDs) on firms’ earnings management. Based on US firms from 2000–2016, those with LIDs managed earnings less as reflected by the absolute value of discretionary accruals. We further propose several economic channels that...