This paper estimates the effect of a full year of the COVID-19 pandemic on school performance, focusing on students at …-in-differences models to analyse the performance of two cohorts of students in Italy: a cohort that has never been exposed to the pandemic … and a cohort that graduated in 2021. We find that the pandemic had a huge negative impact on students' performance in …

closed its doors to students from mid-March 2020 to June 2021. During this time, instruction transitioned from face …-to-face to virtual, with students having three options for virtual instruction. In addition to individual KPS student data, the … three basic questions, as well as examining students' race/ethnicity and poverty status, summer learning loss to determine …

learning. This paper investigates the impact produced by this shift on students' performance. We use administrative data of … four cohorts of students enrolled in an Italian University and adopt a difference-in-differences strategy exploiting the … face-to-face in the first semester. We compare students' performance in the second semester of 2020 with their performance …