Saudi Arabia experience structural economic changes embodied by Vision 2030. One of the main aspects of this master plan is related to the financial markets and developing its instruments. This paper is devoted to developing new financial instrument called Municipality Sukuk (MuSk), and bring it...

The purpose of this article is to determine the role of service providers in Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality (MMM) in ensuring effective service delivery. The absence of transparency, accountability, and proper and trustworthy structures and procedures in public procurement leads to...

German municipalities are expected to suffer from (often significant) population losses in the upcoming decades. We assess these local governments' vulnerability to the fiscal consequences of this demographic decline through two means (using a sample of 1021 municipalities in the state of...