relationship between potential settler mortality and institutions. First, there is a general concern that there are high mortality … versions of his other critiques. His second argument that all the data from Latin America and much of the data from Africa … information on the mortality of Europeans in those places during the relevant period. His third argument that a "campaign" dummy …

of the mutation that causes sickle cell disease we measure the impact of malaria on mortality in Africa prior to the …We examine the effect of malaria on economic development in Africa over the very long run. Using data on the prevalence …. The reduction in malaria mortality has been roughly equal to the reduction in other causes of mortality. We then ask …

The effects of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on fertility in Africa remains ill understood. To align the contrasting findings … "quality" of offspring. According to this theoretical model, the overall impact of mortality shocks on fertility is …

strongly linked in Africa. Unilateral causality is found from energy consumption to life expectancy and child under-5 mortality …We examine causal links between energy consumption and health indicators (Mortality rate under-5, life expectancy … for Senegal, Morocco, Benin, DRC, Algeria, Egypt, and South Africa. At the same time, we found a bilateral causality …